1. Recent trends of ICT in education and global practices (What the world is doing)
- Critical Thinking
- Creativity
- Communication
- Collaboration
- Computing
* AI Tutors: Using computer programs that act like a personal teacher to help students when they are stuck.
* Virtual Reality (VR): Using special glasses to "travel" to places like space or history museums without leaving the classroom.
* Short Videos: Learning from very short videos (3–5 minutes) because long lectures can be boring.
* Game-Style Learning: Making lessons feel like a video game where students complete levels to learn.
21st century teaching and learning skills practices in Nepal (What is happening here)
* Smart Classrooms: The government is trying to put projectors and computers in schools.
* Government Website: Using the "Sikai Chautari" website to find school books and lessons.
* In Villages: Since the internet is slow, schools use "offline" computers or send homework via Viber/Messenger.
* In Cities: Schools use apps like Zoom and Google Classroom and teach coding.
New Skills in Nepal (New ways of teaching)
* Mixed Subjects (Grades 1-3): Small children learn topics (like "My Home") that mix Math and English together, instead of separate books.
* Daily Grading (CAS): Teachers give marks for good behavior and homework every day, not just on the final exam.
* Learning by Doing: Students learn by doing real projects, like gardening or making art from trash.
* Thinking Exams: New exams check how a student thinks, rather than just checking what they memorized.
Models of Teaching and Learning:
Face-to-Face
* Location: Physical classroom.
* Time: Same time (Synchronous).
* Method: Teacher and student meet in person.
* Benefit: Immediate feedback, strong social connection.
Online Learning
* Location: Virtual/Internet.
* Time: Can be Synchronous or Asynchronous.
* Method: All learning done over the web.
* Benefit: High accessibility and flexibility.
A. Synchronous Online
* Time: Live (e.g., Zoom/Meet call).
* Method: Teacher and students interact at the same scheduled time.
B. Asynchronous Online
* Time: Own pace (flexible).
* Method: Students use pre-recorded videos and materials on an LMS.
Blended Learning
* Location: Mix of physical classroom and internet.
* Time: Mix of live (in-person) and flexible (online) time.
* Method: Combines the best of both models (e.g., watch lecture online, do activities in class - Flipped Classroom).
* Benefit: Balance between connection and flexibility.





